![]() The first Peruvians came to California during the Gold Rush of 1848 and many Peruvian prospectors afterward settled in San Francisco. It was followed by California, with an estimated population of 91,511. In 2017, the state with the largest Peruvian population was Florida, with an estimated population of 100,965 Peruvian Americans. That percentage has reportedly decreased since, as immigration has slowed and Peruvian Americans have given birth to children here. In 2018, there were an estimated 684,345 Americans of Peruvian ancestry with approximately 62% having been born in Peru. Most of the other 15% of Peruvians trace their roots to Austria, China, Colombia, Croatia, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Levant, Scotland, South Asia, the US, or West Africa. About 25% of Peruvians identify as indigenous, including the aforementioned Quechua and Aymara - but also less-numerous groups like Aguaruna, Cocama, Shipibo, and Urarina. About 60% of Peruvians identify as mestizo - primarily of Spanish, Quechua, and/or Aymara ancestry. While “Peruvian” describes a nationality, it’s not really an ethnicity, per se. In 2021, Petro Castillo of the Free Peru party defeated Keiko Fujimori to assume the presidency and Peru celebrated 200 years of independence. In 2009, Fujimori was sentenced to 25 years in prison for his role in the kidnappings and killings carried out by his Grupo Colina death squad. Fujimori resigned and went into exile in 2000. In the 1990s Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico all embraced a neoliberal economic model and were nicknamed the Pacific Pumas, stylized as a South American answer to the Four Asian Tigers ( Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan) on the other side of the Pacific. Alberto Fujimori assumed the presidency in 1990 and watched up the violence by expanding the brutal counter-insurgency against the Left into an all-out genocide against the poor and indigenous. Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) appeared in the 1970s and in the 1980s and ’90s and waged a terrorist campaign against the military government. The army took control with a coup d’état in 1968. The Civilista Party enjoyed relative stability until the establishment of an authoritarian regime under Augusto B. Peru proclaimed independence in 1821, which was recognized in 1824. The National University of San Marcos was founded there in 1551. In 1542, they established the Viceroyalty of Peru with its capital at Lima. The Spanish Empire first arrived at the edges of Tawantinsuyu in 1528. By the 1400s, the Incas ruled the largest empire in all of the Americas, with its capital at Cusco. Under the role of Pachacuti, the pace of expansion increased. ![]() The expansion of Inca power began in the 1200s. The Incas created monumental stonework, an extensive network of roads, finely-woven textiles, advanced agricultural techniques, and organized labor without the use, for the most part, of money, draft animals, iron tools, or a writing system. The most famous of Peru’s indigenous cultures were the Inca, who ruled a vast empire called Tawantinsuyu.
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